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Evaluation of Nutritional and Nutraceutical Content of Polished and Unpolished Barnyard Millet - An Analytical Study

Rajeswari N* and V. Premala Priyadharshini

Department of Food Service Management and Dietetics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.

Corresponding Author Email: rajeswari151979@gmail

DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.9.3.31

Article Publishing History

Received: 25 Jan 2021

Accepted: 05 July 2021

Plagiarism Check: Yes

Reviewed by: Sunanda Biswas India

Second Review by: Jesús Carlos Ruvalcaba Ledezma

Final Approval by: Dr. Norazmir Md Nor

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Abstract:

Barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacaea) is an indigenous under utilized millet variety of south India with bounty of health benefits due to the abundance of dietary fiber antioxidant and minerals like iron. This gluten free wonder millet can be a healthy alternate dietary source for diabetic, obesity and CVD patients. Scientific evidence based studies on nutritional quality of this millet both in polished and unpolished form is less. The current study aims at “Evaluation of nutritional and nutraceutical content of polished and unpolished barnyard millet”. Both polished and unpolished barnyard millets were procured from local market, cleaned to remove dirt, dust and stone. The cleaned millets were dried powdered and sieved using 60 mesh sieves (250 Micron). The powdered millet flour was stored in airtight container. Nutritional content of Barnyard millet was analysed for macro, micro nutrients and nutraceutical properties of both polished and unpolished form using standard AOAC method - 20th edition (2016). The analysed nutrient content were compared statistically at 99% and 95 % confidence interval (t-test).The result shows that, the quantum of carbohydrate present in polished barnyard millet was 11.37 % lesser than the milled parboiled rice and 9 % lesser than the brown rice and 12.45 % lesser than the raw milled rice. The total dietary fibre content of unpolished barnyard millet was 14.2 gm and polished barnyard millet was 8.5 gm. Crude fibre content of unpolished barnyard millet was noted as 11.2 gm and the same in polished barnyard millet was 4.5gm. The protein content of unpolished barnyard millet (10.4gm) was found to be superior to polished barnyard millet (6.8gm).The presence of nutraceutical components were more nutritionally superior in unpolished barnyard millet compared to polished one.

Keywords:

Barnyard Millet; Nutraceutical; Nutritional; Phytochemicals; Polished and Unpolished Barnyard Millet

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Rajeswari N, Priyadharshini V. P. Evaluation of Nutritional and Nutraceutical Content of Polished and Unpolished Barnyard Millet - An Analytical Study. Curr Res Nutr Food Sci 2021; 9(3). doi : http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.9.3.31


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Rajeswari N, Priyadharshini V. P. Evaluation of Nutritional and Nutraceutical Content of Polished and Unpolished Barnyard Millet - An Analytical Study. Curr Res Nutr Food Sci 2021; 9(3). Available From: https://bit.ly/3vbkKZI


Introduction

Millets, deliberated  as main food staples in human history, have a substantial economic  impact on developing countries because of its importance as a crop at a global level.1,2 India is the world’s prominent manufacturer of millet.3 For boosting millet production as well, India celebrated  National Year of Millets as 2018.4 In India  barnyard millet is usually cultivated under rain fed conditions.5In which , barnyard millet agronomy is limited to hilly and semi-arid areas of  Southern headland of  Tamil Nadu, Andra Pradesh, Karnataka and Northern states of  Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh.6Banyard millet  comparable to any other millet is nutritionally superb to cereals, so far its consumption is narrowed.3

Comparable to other cereals, millets are tremendous source of energy, carbohydrate, and protein. They remain also rich in phytochemicals and micronutrients. Phytochemicals are the naturally active organic substance of plant basis which are involved in stopping disease and upholding health. The rerun of these phytochemicals can support in recognizing the lively compounds responsible for disease avoidance due to their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.3,7,8 Millets are recognized as nutraceuticals because of their dietary fibres, proteins, energy, minerals, vitamins and antioxidants quality that they offer for human health.9  Ingeneral millets protect  health with its nutritional and  nutraceutical  content for a healthy living.10,7

Phytochemicals and phenolic compounds in minor millets enriches its antioxidants activity  and makes it nutritionally superior to other cereals.3 Barnyard millets also known as minor millets, Japanese barnyard millet, Ooda, Oadalu,Sawan,Sanwa,and Sanwank,  is a fastest multipurpose crop, which yields food and feeds in a short duration. Barnyard millet is a wonderful cereal. While equate to rice and wheat, moreover having mineral and vitamins, it is an amusing source of treasured nutrients like carbohydrates, fat, proteins, and crude fiber. In fact  with delayed digestibility rate, barnyard millets have a  fair source of protein with low carbohydrate content which makes it as a natural nutraceuticals food, especially for individual with high risk for non-infectious diseases such as diabetes, heart diseases, obesity, and cancer.6,11 The presence of phytochemicals, by means of  phenolic acids, catechins, phytic acid, flavonoids and tannins  in the barnyard millet work  as  noble source of natural antioxidant.12 The existence of high of amount bioactive constituents in barnyard millet thereby, recommending it as a possible healthy alternate for rice and wheat particularly for the patients  with cardiac disease and diabetes .13 De-hulled varieties of barnyard  millet are beneficial  for Type II diabetics, due to their delayed glycaemic response.14

Even though the whole grains / unpolished of barnyard millet (without removal of bran) offer a wide range of nutrients and phytochemicals that enhance health, direct consumption  of them by humans is less explored, citing the reason of delayed digestibility and  acceptability, thus the present study  aims at examining  nutritional  and nutraceutical quality of both polished and unpolished barnyard millet quantitatively.

Materials and Methods

Procurement and and Processing of  Barnyard Millet Sample

Unpolished barnyard millet was procured from the local farmers and polished barnyard millet from a local shop from the city of Coimbatore, Tamil nadu, India. Barnyard millet both polished and unpolished were cleaned to remove dirt, dust, and stone. The cleaned millets (sample) were powdered and sieved using 60 mesh sieves (250 Micron). The powdered flour was stored in an airtight container at room temperature for analysis. All samples were analyzed in triplicate for quantitative analysis.

Analysis of Macronutrients Present in Both Polished and Unpolished Barnyard Millet

Quantitative analysis of both polished and unpolished barnyard millet, for their moisture (AOAC 934.01) and  ash (AOAC 942.05) using  gravimetric method (AOAC 942.05). Calculation of energy by proximate principle and analysis of other nutrients such as  carbohydrate (uv- visible spectrophotometer,630nm), protein  (kjeldahl method -AOAC 2011.11), fat ( gravimetric method  – AOAC 963.15), crude fibre  (gravimetric method-  AOAC 962.09) and fibre including soluble, insoluble and total dietary fibre (enzymatic-  gravimetric  method – AOAC 991.43) was carried out using  standard analytical methods – AOAC, 2016.15

Analysis of Micronutrients Present in Both Polished and Unpolished Barnyard Millet

Quantitative analysis of both polished and unpolished barnyard millet, for their micronutrients namely calcium and iron (ICP-OES method-AOAC 2011.14), vitaminC  (HPLC- AOAC 2012.21) and B- complex vitamins(uv- visible spectrophotometer-AOAC 2012.10) such as  thiamine (420nm), riboflavin(330nm), niacin (262nm), pantothenic acid (220nm), total B6 (716nm), biotin (348nm), total folate (540nm)  was  carried out using standard analytical methods -AOAC, 2016.15

Analysis of Nutraceutical Content Present in Both Polished and Unpolished Barnyard Millet

Nutraceutical content of both  polished and unpolished barnyard  millet  was determined using standard AOAC methods  201615 for  phenolic acid(550nm), phytic acid (519nm), tannin (725nm), flavonoids (510nm),saponins(435nm), alkaloids (470nm), catechins(760nm), phytosterols(625nm) by uv- visible spectrophotometer  at respective wavelength. Similarly Carotenoids (450nm) and tocopherols (520nm) by colorimetric method . Also lignin( chemical oxidation  and extraction method,205nm) and arabinoxylans (acid hydrolysis method,620nm).

Analysis of Starch and Individual Sugars Present in Both Polished and Unpolished Barnyard Millet

The total starch (510nm) and the reading for  sugars  such as fructose, glucose, sucrose and maltose was noted at a wavelength of 500 nm,540nm,340nm and 334nm respectively (AOAC 2018.01) were analysed using standard analytical methods -AOAC, 2016.15The available carbohydrate was calculated by substracting  total dietary fibre from the total carbohydrate present in barnyard millet.16

The Ethical Clearance for the study was obtained from Institutional Human Ethics Committee- Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women. (Approval No-AUW/IHEC-17-18/FSMD/FHP-02).

Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. Mean, the standard deviation of all the values was calculated. The observed results were compared using Paired t-test at 99% or 95% confidence interval to indicate significance level.

Result and Discussion

Table 1: Quantitative Analysis of Macro Nutrients Present in Barnyard Millet (100g)

Serial No. Macro nutrients Mean of  macro nutrients p-value
Polished Unpolished
1 Carbohydrate (gm) 65.79 ± 0.02 68.8 ± 0.11 <0.01a
2 Energy (Kcal) 327.3 ± 0.08 351 ± 0.2 <0.01a
3 Protein (gm) 6.8 ±  0.08 10.4± 0.02 <0.01a
4 Total Fat (gm) 4.1 ± 0.16 3.8 ±  0.02 >0.05c
5 Moisture (gm) 9.3  ± 0.03 9.8 ± 0.05 <0.01a
6 Ash (gm) 0.09 ± 0.08 0.45 ± 0.01 <0.05b
7 Soluble Fibre (gm) 2.3 ±  0.1 4.4 ± 0.1 <0.01a
8 Insoluble Fibre (gm) 6.2 ± 0.11 9.8 ± 0.1 <0.01a
9 Total Dietary Fibre (gm) 8.5 ± 1.3 14.2 ± 0.28 <0.05b
10 Crude Fibre (gm) 4.5 ± 0.35 11.2 ± 0.08 <0.01a

a1percent level of significance ; b 5 percent level significance ; c not significant.

The  amount of carbohydrate  present in 100gm of polished and unpolished barnyard millet was found to be 65.79 ± 0.02 gm and 68.8 ± 0.11 gm respectively(Table 1).  On a comparative note, the quantum of  carbohydrate  present in polished barnyard millet was 12.1% lesser than the  milled parboiled rice and 12.45%  lesser than milled raw rice.17  Similarly, the amount of carbohydrate present in unpolished barnyard millet was 6%lesser than  that of brown rice. However the carbohydrate present in barnyard millet (polished  and unpolished) closely concurence with that of other millets namely jowar (67.68 gm),ragi (66.82gm) ,samai (65.55gm ) ,varagu(66.19gm) and whole wheat flour(64.19 gm) thus making it  a perfect a healthy choice for therapeutic use.

The protein content of unpolished barnyard millet (10.4± 0.02gm) was found to be  significantly superior to polished barnyard millet(6.8 ±  0.08gm) at 1% level of significance   which can be  recognized to the heavy loss of protein existing in the peripheral layers of barnyard millet during the milling process. However no significant difference  in the total fat  content between the polished and unpolished barnyard millets were observed.

The protein content was high in the peripheral layers of milled barnyard millet, and lower in direction to the centre of kernel. The protein content was high in the peripheral layers of milled barnyard millet, and lower in direction to the centre of kernel.

Table 2: Quantitative Analysis of Micro Nutrients Present in Barnyard Millet (100g)

Serial No. Micro nutrients Mean of micro  nutrients p-value
Polished Unpolished
1 Calcium (mg) 24.8 ± 0.38 35 ±  0.10 <0.01a
2 Iron (mg) 6.2 ±0.02 7.1 ±0.11 <0.01a
3 Thiamine (B1)- mg 0.37 ±0.01 0.45 ±0.04 <0.05b
4 Riboflavin (B2)- mg 0.13 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.02 >0.05c
5 Niacin (B3)- mg 4.05  ± 0.02 4.08  ± 0.01 <0.05b
6 Pantothenic Acid (B5)- mg 0.22  ± 0.08 0.25  ±0.03 >0.05c
7 Total B6 (mg) 0.08  ± 0.01 0.13  ± 0.07 >0.05c
8 Biotin (B7)µg 20  ± 0.20 22  ± 0.16 <0.01a
9 Total Folate, B9 – µg 69  ± 0.30 78  ± 0.01 <0.01a
10 Total Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) – mg 0.11  ±0.01 0.06  ±0.01 <0.01a

a1percent level of significance ; b 5 percent level significance ; c not significant.

The analysed  micro nutrients content  of   barnyard millet   significantly varied   between the polished and unpolished  samples  at 1% level of significance   for nutrients namely calcium, iron, Biotin, total folate and total ascorbic acids. However no significant difference between the polished and unpolished   barnyard millets for   Riboflavin (B2), Pantothenic Acid (B5)   and Total B6   was observed in the present study.

Table 3: Quantitative Analysis of Nutraceutical Contents Present in Barnyard Millet (100g)

Serial No. Nutraceutical  contents Mean of nutraceuticals contents p- value
Polished Unpolished
1 Phenolic Acids (mg/g) 10.30 ± 0.03 11.28 ± 0.03 <0.01a
2 Tannins (mg/g) 12.00 ± 0.02 9.78 ± 0.02 <0.01a
3 Flavonoids (mg/g) 46.20 ± 0.01 54.00 ±1.00 <0.01a
4 Lignin (mg/g) 7.20 ±0.02 6.60 ± 0.11 <0.0a
5 Catechins (µg/g) 9.20 ± 0.01 11.00 ± 0.05 <0.01a
6 Phytic Acid (mg/g) 0.61 ± 0.01 0.52 ± 0.02 <0.05b
7 Phytosterols (mg/g) 0.06 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 >0.05c
8 Arabinoxylans ( µg/g) 4.50 ± 0.25 4.20 ± 0.02 >0.05c
9 Carotenoids (mg/g) 2.56 ± 0.19 2.85 ± 0.02 > 0.05c
10 Alkaloids (mg/g) 5.11 ± 0.04 3.80 ± 0.01 <0.01a
11 Saponins (mg/g) 1.80 ± 0.10 2.20 ± 0.40 > 0.05 c
12 Tocopherols (mg/g) 0.08 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.03 < 0.05 b

a1percent level of significance ; b 5 percent level significance ; c not significant.

A significant loss (p ≤ 0.05) of nutraceutical components or secondary metabolites namely phenolic acids, flavonoids and catechins   between polished and unpolished barnyard millet was observed. Polishing  of barnyard millet results in loss of phytochemicals and antioxidant content   present in  brans.18

Table 4: Quantitative analysis of starch and individual sugars present in barnyard Millet (100g)

Serial No. Starch and individual sugars Mean of starch and individual sugars p-value
Polished Unpolished
1 Total Available Carbohydrate(gm) 61.30  ± 0.04 57.60  ±  0.21 <0.01a
2 Total Starch(gm) 59.96  ±  0.35 56.80  ±  0.21 <0.05b
3 Fructose (gm) 0.25  ±  0.01 0.18  ±  0.01 <0.05b
4 Glucose (gm) 0.75  ±  0.01 0.52  ±  0.03 <0.01a
5 Sucrose (gm) 0.39  ±  0.01 0.10  ± 0.01 <0.01a
6 Maltose (gm) 0.01  ±  0.01 0.00  ±  0.00 >0.05c

a1percent level of significance ; b 5 percent level significance ; c not significant.

We observed a significant( p<0.01** ) difference in the total available carbohydrate  between polished and unpolished  barnyard millets at 1 % level of the significance  which can be attributed to the  higher level  of  total dietary fiber content  (14.2 ± 0.28gm) of unpolished barnyard millets. Also since the  quantum of the available amount of carbohydrate is    directly  proportional to the glycemic response, unpolished barnyard millets can  be considered for  incorporated  in other cereals or  as a healthy replacement   for other cereals for the better  dietary  management  of diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Also except for maltose a significant difference in   sucrose, glucose and fructose levels  between polished and unpolished   barnyard millets  was observed at 99% or 95% confidence interval to indicate significance level.

Discussion

A significant difference in Crude fiber (p value <0.01**), Insoluble(p value<0.01**) ,soluble fiber ( p value <0.01**) and total dietary fiber( p-value <0.05*)was witnessed between polished and unpolished  barnyard millets at 1 and 5% level of significance. Also, it was observed that the total fiber , the insoluble and soluble fiber  content of unpolished barnyard millets were more or less similar to the total fiber, insoluble and soluble  content of jowar (total fiber 10.22gm, insoluble,8.4gm and soluble 1.73gm) and wheat whole flour (total fiber 11.36gm, insoluble,9.7gm and soluble1.63 gm) as reported in nutritive value of Indian foods (IFCT-2017).17

The nutritious quality of milled  barnyard millets at different moisture levels which  showed a undesirably and linearly associated relationship with the grade of polishing,19 is  concurrence  with the difference in nutrient content observed between polished and unpolished barnyard millets in the present study. Thus the unpolished or whole  barnyard millets   can be a healthy replacement of carbohydrate and dietary fiber for patients with insulin insensitivity.

We found that the analyzed thiamine value of unpolished barnyard millet(0.45 ±0.04 mg) was greater than   that of whole grains  of jowar (0.35±0.04mg), ragi (0.37±0.04mg)  and maize (0.33±0.03mg) and more or less  same as that of wheat flour(0.42 ±0.04mg)  and whole wheat(0.46 ±0.07mg)  as stated in the  nutritive value of Indian  foods  (IFCT-2017).17We also observed a higher amount  of total folate  in   polished barnyard millet  (69 ± 0.3 µg)   and unpolished barnyard millet (78 ± 0.01 µg ).  The iron content of   barnyard millet   both polished  (6.2 ±0.02mg) and unpolished (7.1 ±0.11mg)was found to be  higher compared to other millets except  amaranth seed (8.02  ± 0.93 mg)and   quinoa (7.5 mg ) . The analyzed value of iron content in barnyard millet   reported in our study is   similar to  one estimated  (6.91 mg/100 g)   in  another study in which nutritional  and sensual  feature  of  foxtail and  barnyard millet  foodstuffs  with traditional  rice products were compared. However in the present study we have also analyzed the iron content of unpolished barnyard millet  which can serve as a nutrient  source for future reference.

A significant upward trend (p ≤ 0.05) in the levels of tannins, lignins, phytic acid,  alkaloids, and tocopherols were observed  in polished  barnyard millet in comparison to  unpolished/whole millet.  Also the  quantum  of tocopherols, alkaloids, and saponins present in both polished and unpolished barnyard millets was found to be inferior to the  commonly consumed millets such as ragi (0.16 ±0.01mg) , jowar 0.36 ±0.3mg  and cereals such as brown rice (0.69±0.12mg) and whole  wheat flour (0.26  ±0.09mg). Furthermore no significant difference in Phytosterols, carotenoids, and saponins  levels  were observed between polished and unpolished barnyard millet. Henceforth, these variations in nutraceutical components call for future research   on the extent of polishing  barnyard millets to  make it as a healthy nutritious choice for human consumption, especially for the diabetic population without compromising  the nutraceutical potentials.

Conclusion

Both polished and unpolished barnyard millet was tested quantitatively for its nutritional and nutraceutical benefits, the results show that majority of the macro, micro, and nutraceutical components were more nutritionally superior in unpolished barnyard millet than polished one. Consumption of  barnyard millets  loaded with   biologically active phytochemicals  and nutraceutical compounds  such as flavonoids, tannins, lignin, phenolic compounds, and other antioxidants can be encouraged to prevent and protect us from non-communicable lifestyle disorders and to nurture health society. Development of nutritious healthy  millet replaced snacks, main dishes and accompaniment can not only add variety to the diet but  can also serve as a healthy alternate for other staple cereals, particularly the rice. Thus as salient outcome , the present study  on the nutritional quality of both polished and unpolished barnyard millet serve as an knowledge source of nutrient content  for future scientific study.

Acknowledgement

The authors acknowledge Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and  Higher Education for Women for providing us the platform to conduct the research work.

Funding Source

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Conflict of Interest

The author(s) declares no conflict of interest. The Ethical clearance (Approval No-AUW/IHEC-17-18/FSMD/FHP-02) for the research work from Institutional Human Ethics Committee- Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women was obtained.

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